The Psychoanalysis of Violence
نویسنده
چکیده
Let me begin by summarising our model of the normal and abnormal experience of psychic reality. Both clinical and cognitive research evidence have shown that a normal awareness of the relationship between internal and external reality is not universal, but rather a developmental achievement (Fonagy & Target, 1996; Target & Fonagy, 1996). A child normally moves from an experience of psychic reality in which mental states are not related to as representations, to an increasingly complex view of the internal world. This more complex view has as its hallmark the capacity to mentalise: to assume the existence of thoughts and feelings in others and in oneself, and to recognise these as connected to outer reality (but only loosely). Initially, the child's experience of the mind is as if there was an exact correspondence between internal state and external reality. We call this mode "psychic equivalence", to emphasise that for the young child mental events are equivalent in terms of power, causality and implications, to events in the physical world. Equating internal and external is inevitably a two-way process. The small child will equate appearance with reality (how it seems is how it is), but also thoughts and feelings, distorted by phantasy, will be projected onto external reality, unmodulated by any awareness of this distortion.
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